People who smoke or otherwise use tobacco are at risk of developing tumours of the throat. Excessive alcohol use also increases risk, and smoking and alcohol use together constitute an extreme risk for the development of throat cancers.  However, this doesn't mean that only patients who use tobacco and alcohol are at risk of developing throat cancer.            

Symptoms & Signs

• hoarseness that does not resolve in 1 to 2 weeks
   

• sore throat
   

• neck pain
   

• difficulty swallowing
   

• swelling in the neck
   

• weight loss
   

• cough
   

• coughing up blood
   

• abnormal (high pitched) breathing sounds

Most cancers of the throat develop in adults older than 50, and men are 10 times more likely than women to develop throat cancers.  An examination of the neck and throat may show cancers of the throat. The sputum may appear bloody. A lump may appear on the outside of the neck. A laryngoscopy, which is examination by use of a tube with a small lighted camera (laryngoscope), allows the physician to look into the mouth and down the throat to see the tumour.

A neck or cranial CT scan or cranial MRI may show throat cancer. These tests will also help determine if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the neck.

Biopsy and analysis of tissues that appear abnormal may confirm the presence of a cancerous tumour.  Treatment is aimed at destruction of the cancer and prevention of spread of the cancer to other parts of the body.

When the tumour is small, either surgery or radiation therapy alone can be used to eliminate the tumour. When the tumour is larger or has spread to lymph nodes in the neck, combination radiation and chemotherapy is often used to preserve the voice box and is successful in most cases.

Surgical removal of the tumour, including all or part of the vocal cords (laryngectomy) may be necessary in some cases. If a laryngectomy is required, a surgical prosthesis (artificial vocal cords) may be implanted, voice aids may be used, or speech therapy may be recommended to teach alternative methods of speaking.

Many patients also need swallowing therapy after treatment to help them adjust to the changes in their throat. Throat cancers can be cured in 90% of patients if detected early. If the cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or lymph nodes in the neck 50-60% of patients can be cured. If the cancer has spread (metastasized) to parts of the body outside the head and neck, the cancer is not curable and treatment is aimed at prolonging quality of life.

After treatment patients generally need therapy to help with speech and swallowing. A small percentage of patients (5%) will not be able to swallow and will need to be fed through a feeding tube.

Throat Cancer Complications

• airway obstruction
   
• loss of voice and speaking ability
   
• disfigurement of the neck or face
   
• hardening of the skin of the neck
   
• difficulty swallowing
   
• spread of the cancer to other body areas (metastasis)