Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell)
Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL; also called acute lymphocytic leukaemia) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. This type of cancer usually gets worse quickly if it is not treated.

Normally, the bone marrow produces stem cells (immature cells) that develop into mature blood cells. There are 3 types of mature blood cells:

• Red blood cells that carry oxygen and other materials to all tissues of the body.
   
• White blood cells that fight infection and disease.
   
• Platelets that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.

In ALL, too many stem cells develop into a type of white blood called lymphocytes. These lymphocytes may also be called lymphoblasts or leukaemic cells. There are 3 types of lymphocytes:

• B lymphocytes that make antibodies to help fight infection.
   
• T lymphocytes that help B lymphocytes make the antibodies that help fight infection.
   
• Natural killer cells that attack cells with cancer or a virus.

The lymphocytes are not able to fight infection very well. Also, as the number of lymphocytes increases in the blood and bone marrow, there is less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This may cause infection, anaemia, and easy bleeding. The cancer can also spread to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Possible risk factors include the following:

• Being male.
   
• Being white.
   
• Being older than 70 years of age.
   
• Past treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
   
• Exposure to atomic bomb radiation.
   
• Having a certain genetic disorder such as Downs syndrome.

Possible signs include fever, feeling tired, and easy bruising or bleeding. The early signs may be similar to the flu or other common diseases. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

• Weakness or feeling tired.
   
• Fever.
   
• Easy bruising or bleeding.
   
• Petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding).
   
• Shortness of breath.
   
• Loss of appetite or weight loss.
   
• Pain in the bones or stomach.
   
• Pain or feeling of fullness below the ribs.
   
• Painless lumps in the neck, underarm, stomach, or groin.

These and other symptoms may be caused by adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or by other conditions. Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to detect (find) and diagnose.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
   
• Complete blood count: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:  The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  The amount of haemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.
  The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.
   
• Peripheral blood smear: A procedure in which a sample of blood is checked for the presence of blast cells, number and kinds of white blood cells, the number of platelets, and changes in the shape of blood cells.

Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration: The removal of a small piece of bone and bone marrow by inserting a needle into the hipbone or breastbone. A pathologist views the samples under a microscope to look for abnormal cells.
 

Cytogenetic analysis: A test in which the cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are looked at under a microscope to find out if there are certain changes in the chromosomes in the lymphocytes. For example, sometimes in ALL, part of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome. This is called the Philadelphia chromosome.
 

• Immunophenotyping: A test in which the cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are looked at under a microscope to find out if malignant (cancerous) lymphocytes began from the B lymphocytes or the T lymphocytes.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:

• The age of the patient.
   
• Whether the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord.
   
• Whether the Philadelphia chromosome is present.
   
• Whether the cancer has been treated before or has recurred

Stages of Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Once adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or to other parts of the body.
The extent or spread of cancer is usually described as stages. It is important to know whether the leukaemia has spread outside the blood and bone marrow in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used to determine if the leukaemia has spread:
 

• Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
   
• Lumbar puncture: A procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal column. This is done by placing a needle into the spinal column. This procedure is also called an LP or spinal tap.
   
• Ultrasound: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs in the abdomen and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.
   
• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
   

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